"Good ideas are not adopted automatically. They must be driven into practice with courageous patience." Hyman Rickover (1900 - 1986)
Abbreviations
| Abbreviation
| Short for
| What it means
| When to use it
|
| [...] |
ellipses |
material that has been omitted when quoting someone's words |
when removing irrelevant material |
| a.m. |
ante meridiem |
before noon |
a time between midnight and midday |
| anon |
anonymous |
author is unknown |
|
| c., ca. |
circa |
date is approximate |
|
| ch., chs. |
chapter, chapters |
|
|
| conf. |
conference |
|
|
| e.g., eg |
example |
|
|
| ed., eds. |
editor, editors |
|
|
| et al. |
et alii |
and others |
|
| fig. |
figure |
|
when referring to a graph or image |
| ibid. |
ibidem |
in the same work, cited just above |
citing the same source as the one immediately above |
| i.e. |
id est |
in other words |
|
| loc. cit. |
loco citato |
in the place (or work) cited |
|
| n.d. |
no date |
date is unknown |
|
| op. cit. |
opere citato |
in the work cited |
citation comes from a previously cited source |
| p.m. |
post meridiem |
after noon |
a time between midday and midnight |
| p., pp. |
page, pages |
|
when giving page numbers |
| proc. |
proceedings |
|
|
| rev. |
revised |
|
|
| [sic] |
An error in a quotation |
Latin for 'thus' |
directly following the incorrect material |
| suppl. |
supplement |
|
|
| trans. |
translated |
|
when acknowledging the translator |
| v.,vol.,vols. |
volume, volumes |
|
|
