APA (American Psychological Association) 6th is an author-date referencing style where you have an in-text citation and a related entry in a reference list at the end of your document.

APA 6th - lecture or speech

Lectures/speeches are treated as personal communications i.e. they only appear in the text, and are not included in the reference list. 

However, if the lecturer/speaker has posted the lecture/speech publicly online or in a published form then you can cite it and it would appear in your reference list.

Add a reference list at the end of your essay, citing all sources used in the body of your writing. The reference list should be in alphabetical order by the first author's surname.

Do not include personal communication in your reference list.

An example reference list

See also: multiple works by the same author, one source cited in another, similar information from multiple works, abbreviations.

Lecture Notes or powerpoint slides of a lecture retrieved online

As indicated in his lecture... (Smith, 2009).

Unpublished speech: (No corresponding Reference List entry)

In a speech it was reiterated that... (Dr Li Wang, personal communication, August 14, 2016).

Speech reproduced in a published source:

Dr. Martin Luther King stated, “I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed” (Smith, 2009, p. 219).

See also: Multiple works by the same author, Similar information from multiple works, One source quoted in another

An example paragraph

See also: more on paraphrasing ...

Direct quotes of less than 40 words require quotation marks and the page number/s.

• The study suggests that "patients are generally more relaxed and less anxious" (Smith, 2003).
• Smith (2003) stated that "patients are generally more relaxed and less anxious."

See also: more on quoting, including long quotes ...

This material is based on the Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (2010), the APA style guide to electronic references (2012) and the APA style blog. For further information, please consult the manuals directly.